Do I need an interpreter in a Malaysian court, and what languages can I use?

Many of our clients are most comfortable in Mandarin, Malay, English, Tamil or a Chinese dialect such as Hokkien or Cantonese. In court, it is important that you understand everything said and that your evidence is recorded accurately. Language should never be a barrier to a fair hearing.

What language does the court use?

Under section 8 of the National Language Acts 1963/67, proceedings in the Federal Court, Court of Appeal, High Court and subordinate courts are to be in the national language (Bahasa Malaysia). The court may, either on its own motion or on application, order that proceedings be conducted partly or wholly in English where it considers this to be in the interests of justice. In practice, both languages are commonly used.

What if I do not speak Malay or English well?

The courts provide interpreters. A court interpreter interprets questions and answers between the court, the lawyers and you or your witnesses. Courts commonly provide interpreters for Mandarin, Tamil and some Chinese dialects, and arrangements can be made for other languages.

• In criminal cases, the charge must be read and explained to the accused in a language they understand.
• In civil cases, tell the court in advance which language a witness will use.

Why does accurate interpretation matter?

Your evidence is what the judge relies on. If you give evidence in a language you do not fully command, your answers may sound uncertain or be misunderstood. Giving evidence in your strongest language through an interpreter helps you tell the truth clearly and accurately.

• Speak in short sentences and pause to let the interpreter finish.
• Answer only what is asked, truthfully.
• If you do not understand a question, say so. Do not guess.
• If you think something was interpreted wrongly, tell the court politely or let your lawyer know.

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What about documents in other languages?

Court documents are generally in Bahasa Malaysia or English as the Rules of Court allow. Documents in other languages, such as Chinese-language WhatsApp messages, contracts or medical records, usually need to be translated, often with certification as the rules require. Plan for translation time and cost, especially for long chat histories.

Can I bring my own interpreter?

Generally, the court uses its own interpreters to ensure independence and accuracy. A family member should not act as interpreter for your evidence. Your lawyer can discuss arrangements with the court if a rare language is needed.

How we work in three languages

Our team can take instructions and explain the process in English, Bahasa Malaysia and Mandarin, so that you understand your case before you go to court. Court proceedings themselves follow the court's language rules.

What should I prepare?

• Tell your lawyer your strongest language and those of your witnesses.
• Identify documents that will need translation.
• Prepare a list of key names, places and technical words that may need careful interpretation.

Common mistakes: insisting on giving evidence in a language you are not comfortable with, speaking too fast or too long without pauses, and relying on informal translations of key documents.

When to speak to a lawyer

Before your first hearing, so that language and translation arrangements can be made. You can contact us; every case depends on its facts.

Frequently asked questions

Can I ask for the whole case to be in English?

You can ask. The court decides, considering the interests of justice.

Is there a fee for a court interpreter?

Court interpreters are generally provided by the court. Translation of your own documents may involve a cost.

Can I speak Hokkien or Cantonese?

Courts can often arrange interpreters for common Chinese dialects. Tell the court early.

What if my witness is deaf or hard of hearing?

Arrangements such as sign language interpretation can be requested. Raise it early.

Can I read my statement in my own language?

Evidence is usually given orally in court. Your lawyer will explain how your evidence will be presented.

Sources & fact check

Legal points in this article were checked against the primary sources below. The law can change; this is general information, not legal advice.

1. National Language Acts 1963/67 (Act 32), including section 8, AGC Laws of Malaysia
2. Criminal Procedure Code (Act 593), Attorney General's Chambers Laws of Malaysia
3. Rules of Court 2012 (P.U.(A) 205/2012), text published by the Malaysian Bar, including Orders 12, 13, 18, 19 and 93
4. Office of the Chief Registrar, Federal Court of Malaysia (Judiciary portal)

Fact-checked on 17 Oct 2026